Diffusion · living field
∂c/∂t = D·∂²c/∂x² D = 0.35
Concentration transport driven only by thermal motion: Fick's second law ∂c/∂t = D·∂²c/∂x², with the spread width growing as √(2Dt). No force field is involved. Oxygen crossing an alveolar membrane and dopant diffusion in silicon wafers follow this exact law.
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Osmosis
Water crosses a semipermeable membrane toward higher solute concentration until the chemical potentials equalise: Π = i·M·R·T.
Le Chatelier
A system at equilibrium counteracts an imposed change. Raising a reactant concentration shifts the reaction to consume it.
Michaelis-Menten
Enzyme rate v = Vmax·[S]/(Km + [S]) — binding saturates, so kinetics turn from first-order to zero-order.
