Ensemble · living bonds
ε = 0.60 σ = 0.22 T = 0.12 N = 28
Each pair of particles interacts through a Lennard-Jones potential: repulsion ∝ r⁻¹² at short range, dispersion attraction ∝ r⁻⁶ at long range, plus a Coulomb term for charges. The minimum of U(r) is the equilibrium bond length. The same potential sets boiling points, surface tension and protein folding.
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